정부R&D 성과의 경제·사회적 확산 경로가 갖는 영향 분석 : 주요 사례의 역추적(Reverse Traces) 중심으로

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정부R&D 성과의 경제·사회적 확산 경로가 갖는 영향 분석 : 주요 사례의 역추적(Reverse Traces) 중심으로 Understanding the Role of Government R&D Through Reverse Tracing of Technologies Embedded in Society

정부R&D 성과의 경제·사회적 확산 경로가 갖는 영향 분석 : 주요 사례의 역추적(Reverse Traces) 중심으로 원문 다운로드 정부R&D 성과의 경제·사회적 확산 경로가 갖는 영향 분석 : 주요 사례의 역추적(Reverse Traces) 중심으로 원문보기

보고서명
정부R&D 성과의 경제·사회적 확산 경로가 갖는 영향 분석 : 주요 사례의 역추적(Reverse Traces) 중심으로
보고서명(영문)
Understanding the Role of Government R&D Through Reverse Tracing of Technologies Embedded in Society

책임자 손수정
소속기관과학기술정책연구원
내부연구참여자황석원,신은정,안형준,한웅규,김학효,강민지,김한별,정재경,이주원
외부연구참여자우청원,나성곤
발행기관 과학기술정책연구원
ISBN979-11-24145-23-4
출판년도2025
페이지323
보고서유형 연구개발적립금보고서
연구유형 정책
표준분류 과학기술 > 과학기술일반
자료유형연구보고서
공공누리유형 4유형 (출처표시+상업적이용금지+변경금지)
주제어정부R&D,정부역할,사례연구,역추적,파급효과

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■연구 목적
ㅇ 국민이 체감하는 주요 성공 사례에 영향을 준 정부R&D의 기여를 확인함으로써, 1)정부R&D 역할을 확인하고, 2)정부R&D 제도의 개선방안을 모색
- 정부R&D 투입의 주요 성과로서 논문, 특허 등 1차 성과(output) 중심의 평가는 1)정부R&D 성과의 과소평가, 2)과도한 논문, 특허 양산 등의 제한적 상황을 초래
- 따라서 정부R&D의 파급효과를 시장에서 실제 활용, 적용, 체감하는 사례로부터 확인(reverse traces)하고, 정부R&D 투입의 적정성, 파급성 등을 점검

■주요 내용
□ 기술 및 시장의 진입 경로(변동성, 의존성)별 수요 접근 사례
ㅇ 실질적인 수요를 일으키고 시장 수요의 변화를 일으키며, 경제사회적 파급효과를 갖는 주요 사례들을 확인하고, 이들의 성장경로 상에 존재하는 정부역할을 확인
ㅇ 사례들의 혁신배경 및 경로 등의 분석 및 유형화*를 통해, 특정 제품 또는 서비스가 시장에서 긍정적 평판을 형성하는데까지 성장하는 과정에 수혜받은 정부 정책 확인
* 누적점진혁신형(기초과학역할 중요), 장기기획선도형(해당 분야 게임체인저 역할), 수요전환혁신형(니즈/피드백 기반 개발), 비의도적돌파형(기술기반 새로운 관점 적용)

■정책 대안
□ 정부R&D 사업 수혜자의 의무 명시
ㅇ 특허 등 지식재산권 등록 시 명세서에 해당 지식재산 창출에 영향을 준 정부 사업(R&D의 경우 사업코드) 정보 입력 의무화
* 미국 Bayh-Dole Act 35 U.S.C. 202(c)는 연구비 협약 시 지식재산 출원시 R&D사업명 명시 의무화
□ 혁신의 특성별 유연하고 적합한 지원사업 적용(fit) 필요
ㅇ (기초과학연계, 기술집약형 스타트업) 딥테크 스케일업 지원, 규제의 유연성 및 예측 가능성 확보, 민관 협력프로그램 확대
ㅇ (기술패키지 스타트업) 산학연 협력 중심의 융복합형 지원, 시장 데이터 환경 조성, 해외진출 지원
ㅇ (점진혁신형)기초과학연계, 제조공정 개선/제품개선, 기술집약형 모델 기업 주도 탐색형R&D 지원, 대중소기업간 공동실증 지원, 정책방향 및 지원의 지속성 확보
ㅇ (비의도적 돌파형)틈새시장 공략 전략화, R&D 지속성 유인 환경조성(세제, 보상 등), 기초연구성과와의 연계 지원

Understanding the Role of Government R&D Through Reverse Tracing of Technologies Embedded in Society

ㆍProject Leader: Sohn, Soo J.

ㆍParticipants: Seokwon Hwang ‧ Eunjung Shin ‧ Hyungjun Ahn ‧ Ungkyu Han ‧ Hakhyo Kim ‧ Minji Kang ‧ Hanbyeol Kim ‧ Jaekyung Jeong ‧ Juwon Lee ‧ Chungwon Woo · Seong-gon Na

1. Introduction: Reconsidering the Meaning of Government R&D Outcomes
This study begins with a critical reflection on the limitations of conventional approaches used to evaluate the outcomes of government-funded research and development (R&D). Traditional evaluation frameworks have largely relied on quantitative indicators such as the number of academic publications, patents, or technology transfer cases. While these metrics are useful in capturing measurable research outputs, they often fail to fully explain how government R&D contributes to real-world social and economic value.
From the public perspective, government R&D is frequently associated with national scientific advancement, industrial competitiveness, and technological sovereignty. However, at a more fundamental level, citizens expect government R&D to improve their quality of life by providing safer, healthier, more convenient, and more sustainable living conditions. Despite this expectation, the pathways through which government R&D outcomes are translated into tangible societal benefits remain insufficiently understood and rarely captured within existing evaluation frameworks.
Recognizing this gap, this study seeks to reposition the evaluation of government R&D from a narrow output-based perspective toward a broader impact-oriented perspective. Specifically, the study examines how knowledge generated through government-funded R&D diffuses across the innovation value chain and produces both direct and indirect societal benefits.

2. Research Objectives and Analytical Framework
The primary objective of this study is to analyze how knowledge generated from government-funded R&D has influenced the broader economy and society through both direct and indirect channels. By examining the innovation value chain—from basic research and technological development to commercialization and societal adoption—the study seeks to identify the types of synergies generated through government R&D investments.
In doing so, the study aims to recognize not only quantifiable outcomes but also additional effects such as knowledge diffusion, network formation, risk mitigation, and ecosystem development. These additional effects are particularly important in understanding the long-term contributions of government R&D to national innovation systems.
To achieve these objectives, the study focuses on how government R&D outcomes have been internalized across economic, social, and cultural domains. Importantly, the study adopts a citizen-centered perspective, investigating successful cases that demonstrate how government R&D has contributed to improving everyday life experiences.
The research is guided by the follo
wing core questions:
What are representative successful cases across society that individuals can directly or indirectly experience from economic, social, and national perspectives?
What roles have government R&D programs and their outputs played throughout the development and success processes of these cases?
What have been the direct contributions of government R&D—such as technological development, workforce training, prototyping, demonstration, and market entry—as well as indirect contributions, including risk reduction, network formation, and linkages to technology finance?
In cases where government R&D or institutional support was insufficient or absent, what structural barriers or systemic limitations contributed to these challenges?
Through these questions, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of government R&D as a systemic innovation catalyst rather than merely a funding mechanism.

3. Methodological Approach: Case-Based System Analysis
This study adopts a case-based analytical approach focusing on products and services that are widely encountered in everyday life. Unlike traditional R&D impact studies that concentrate primarily on high-technology sectors, this research deliberately includes both advanced technology industries and commonly used consumer-oriented products. This approach allows for a more comprehensive examination of how government R&D influences societal outcomes across diverse innovation contexts.
For each selected case, the study analyzes the growth trajectory through which a product or service was developed, commercialized, and adopted by the market. The analysis identifies representative firms involved in each case and examines their processes of research, commercialization, and market expansion. In addition, the study evaluates the role played by government interventions throughout these developmental pathways.
Beyond direct government R&D funding, the analysis considers broader public sector involvement, including commercialization support programs, regulatory frameworks, and infrastructure development initiatives. This multi-dimensional perspective enables the study to capture both enabling and constraining effects of government intervention.

4. Typology of Innovation Growth Pathways
To systematically analyze the selected cases, the study categorizes them into typologies using a quadrant-based grouping framework. The typology is constructed by distinguishing technological characteristics and market characteristics according to two analytical dimensions: pathway stability and pathway variability.
Based on these dimensions, innovation growth trajectories can be classified into four distinct types, each characterized by unique development patterns, risk profiles, and policy needs. Within each category, the study identifies common success factors, enabling conditions, and policy requirements necessary for sustaining and replicating successful innovation patterns.
In this framework, path dependency refers to evolutionary growth patterns in which innovation progresses through incremental improvements based on accumulated knowledge, experience, and technological capabilities developed along established trajectories.
In contrast, path variability describes growth patterns characterized by transformative shifts in technological or market structures. Such variability may emerge through changes in production methods, supply chain reconfiguration, or the creation of entirely new user experiences and market demands.
Understanding the interaction between path dependency and path variability is critical for designing policy instruments that support both incremental innovation and transformative technological breakthroughs.

5. Case Study Portfolio
The selected cases represent diverse sectors where government R&D has influenced technological and societal development. These cases include:
Satellite technologies demonstrating national capability in space exploration and communication infrastructure.
Anti-doping technologies that support fairness and integrity in international sports competitions.
Lung cancer therapeutics that provide life-saving treatments for patients.
Artificial intelligence services that are rapidly transforming industrial and social environments.
Body composition analysis devices that support personal health management.
Waste recycling and soil restoration technologies contributing to resource sustainability and climate change response.
Wearable athletic performance monitoring devices used in professional sports.
Immersive digital media installations that enhance public cultural experiences.
Screen-based sports platforms that improve accessibility to recreational activities.
These cases collectively illustrate the diverse ways in which government R&D outcomes diffuse into society and create value across multiple domains.
6. Key Findings: Government R&D as a Systemic Innovation Enabler
The analysis reveals several common characteristics across the selected cases. First, most successful cases originated from technology-driven startups, many of which maintained direct or indirect connections with government-funded research institutes or universities. These firms typically began with strong technological foundations but faced multiple “valleys of death” during commercialization and market expansion stages.
Second, successful firms demonstrated high levels of organizational flexibility and openness in both technological development and human resource management. Intellectual property was often secured through collaborative R&D partnerships, and global market competitiveness was a key determinant of long-term growth.
Most importantly, government intervention was present in all analyzed cases. Although policy support was not always sequentially or strategically coordinated across different ministries, firms actively navigated complex multi-agency support systems based on their evolving needs. This finding highlights the adaptive role of beneficiary firms in utilizing government innovation support ecosystems.

7. Policy Implications and Future Directions
The study emphasizes that evaluating government R&D solely through quantitative indicators fails to capture its broader systemic contributions. Government R&D functions not only as a technological development driver but also as an ecosystem builder that reduces uncertainty, facilitates collaboration, and supports market formation.
By identifying enabling and constraining factors embedded within innovation pathways, the study proposes policy recommendations aimed at optimizing the diffusion and societal adoption of government R&D outcomes. These recommendations include strengthening cross-ministerial coordination, enhancing commercialization support mechanisms, and developing adaptive regulatory frameworks that balance innovation promotion with public safety and ethical considerations.
Ultimately, this study seeks to build broader societal consensus regarding the value of government R&D by demonstrating its embedded contributions across economic, social, and cultural domains. By adopting an impact-oriented evaluation framework, the study contributes to redefining the strategic role of government R&D in fostering sustainable national growth and societal well-being.

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정부R&D 성과의 경제·사회적 확산 경로가 갖는 영향 분석 : 주요 사례의 역추적(Reverse Traces) 중심으로

Understanding the Role of Government R&D Through Reverse Tracing of Technologies Embedded in Society

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